Virtual Visions

An Exploratory Comparative Analysis of EU and US Metaverse Governance Approaches

Abstract

Metaverse technologies are rapidly emerging and providing innovative opportunities to both the public and private sectors. Despite technological progress, governments worldwide face challenges in keeping pace, resulting in a misalignment of technological capability and governance mechanisms. This research aims to assess the differences in European Union and United States metaverse governance approaches, focusing on how broader digital governance models are being extended into immersive technology domains. This assessment utilizes a qualitative exploratory document analysis and two expert interviews to identify the key governance mechanisms and thematic orientations shaping early policy responses. Despite actions that both the EU and the US are taking to establish metaverse governance models, explicit regulation of immersive technologies remains limited. However, both have existing strategies, regulations, and legislation on related technology topics, such as AI and data privacy, which are expected to directly and indirectly impact the development and management of the metaverse. Drawing on an existing geopolitical technology governance assessment model as a framework, this research upholds existing assertions that the European Union values risk management and user protections in its digital governance and regulation. In contrast, the United States takes two other approaches: the Silicon Valley techno-solutionist approach and the Washington D.C. business-focused laissez-faire approach. These broader digital governance cultures are reflected in how each actor is beginning to position itself with regard to immersive technologies.